Suggested citation: American Diabetes Association. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes— Diabetes Care ;41 Suppl. Sign In or Create an Account.
Advanced Search. User Tools. Sign In. Skip Nav Destination Article Navigation. Close mobile search navigation Article navigation. Previous Article Next Article. Article Navigation. Position Statements November 24 This Site. Google Scholar. Get Permissions.
Diabetes can be classified into the following general categories:. Stage 1. Stage 2. Stage 3. View Large. Fasting is defined as no caloric intake for at least 8 h. The test should be performed as described by the WHO, using a glucose load containing the equivalent of g anhydrous glucose dissolved in water.
B Marked discordance between measured A1C and plasma glucose levels should raise the possibility of A1C assay interference due to hemoglobin variants i. B In conditions associated with increased red blood cell turnover, such as sickle cell disease, pregnancy second and third trimesters , hemodialysis, recent blood loss or transfusion, or erythropoietin therapy, only plasma blood glucose criteria should be used to diagnose diabetes.
B For all people, testing should begin at age 45 years. B If tests are normal, repeat testing carried out at a minimum of 3-year intervals is reasonable. C To test for prediabetes, fasting plasma glucose, 2-h plasma glucose during g oral glucose tolerance test, and A1C are equally appropriate.
B In patients with prediabetes, identify and, if appropriate, treat other cardiovascular disease risk factors. Women who were diagnosed with GDM should have lifelong testing at least every 3 years. For all other patients, testing should begin at age 45 years.
If results are normal, testing should be repeated at a minimum of 3-year intervals, with consideration of more frequent testing depending on initial results and risk status. Figure 2. View large Download slide. E Screening for type 1 diabetes with a panel of autoantibodies is currently recommended only in the setting of a research trial or in first-degree family members of a proband with type 1 diabetes.
B Persistence of two or more autoantibodies predicts clinical diabetes and may serve as an indication for intervention in the setting of a clinical trial. C To test for type 2 diabetes, fasting plasma glucose, 2-h plasma glucose during g oral glucose tolerance test, and A1C are equally appropriate. B In patients with diabetes, identify and treat other cardiovascular disease risk factors.
B Test for gestational diabetes mellitus at 24—28 weeks of gestation in pregnant women not previously known to have diabetes. A Test women with gestational diabetes mellitus for persistent diabetes at 4—12 weeks postpartum, using the oral glucose tolerance test and clinically appropriate nonpregnancy diagnostic criteria. E Women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus should have lifelong screening for the development of diabetes or prediabetes at least every 3 years.
B Women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus found to have prediabetes should receive intensive lifestyle interventions or metformin to prevent diabetes.
The OGTT should be performed in the morning after an overnight fast of at least 8 h. A Children and adults, diagnosed in early adulthood, who have diabetes not characteristic of type 1 or type 2 diabetes that occurs in successive generations suggestive of an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance should have genetic testing for maturity-onset diabetes of the young. A In both instances, consultation with a center specializing in diabetes genetics is recommended to understand the significance of these mutations and how best to approach further evaluation, treatment, and genetic counseling.
Clinical features. B A1C is not recommended as a screening test for cystic fibrosis—related diabetes. B Patients with cystic fibrosis — related diabetes should be treated with insulin to attain individualized glycemic goals. A Beginning 5 years after the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis—related diabetes, annual monitoring for complications of diabetes is recommended.
E The oral glucose tolerance test is the preferred test to make a diagnosis of posttransplantation diabetes mellitus. B Immunosuppressive regimens shown to provide the best outcomes for patient and graft survival should be used, irrespective of posttransplantation diabetes mellitus risk.
American Diabetes Association. Search ADS. Diabetic ketoacidosis in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: clinical and biochemical differences. Differentiation of diabetes by pathophysiology, natural history, and prognosis. International Expert Committee. International Expert Committee report on the role of the A1C assay in the diagnosis of diabetes.
Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. Prevalence of diabetes and high risk for diabetes using A1C criteria in the U. Utility of hemoglobin A 1c for diagnosing prediabetes and diabetes in obese children and adolescents.
Association of sickle cell trait with hemoglobin A1c in African Americans. Impact of common genetic determinants of hemoglobin A1c on type 2 diabetes risk and diagnosis in ancestrally diverse populations: a transethnic genome-wide meta-analysis. Glucose-independent, black-white differences in hemoglobin A1c levels: a cross-sectional analysis of 2 studies.
Utility of glycated hemoglobin in diagnosing type 2 diabetes mellitus: a community-based study. Are there clinical implications of racial differences in HbA 1c? Yes, to not consider can do great harm! Differences in A1C by race and ethnicity among patients with impaired glucose tolerance in the Diabetes Prevention Program.
Racial differences in the relationship of glucose concentrations and hemoglobin A1c levels. Racial differences in glycemic markers: a cross-sectional analysis of community-based data.
Racial and ethnic differences in mean plasma glucose, hemoglobin A1c, and 1,5-anhydroglucitol in over patients with type 2 diabetes. No racial differences in the association of glycated hemoglobin with kidney disease and cardiovascular outcomes. A difference, to be a difference, must make a difference. Role of glycated proteins in the diagnosis and management of diabetes: research gaps and future directions.
Glycated hemoglobin, diabetes, and cardiovascular risk in nondiabetic adults. Identifying adults at high risk for diabetes and cardiovascular disease using hemoglobin A1c National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. HbA 1c as a predictor of diabetes and as an outcome in the Diabetes Prevention Program: a randomized clinical trial.
Prevalence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes among children and adolescents from to Seroconversion to multiple islet autoantibodies and risk of progression to diabetes in children.
The prediction of type 1 diabetes by multiple autoantibody levels and their incorporation into an autoantibody risk score in relatives of type 1 diabetic patients. Pancreatic islet autoantibodies as predictors of type 1 diabetes in the Diabetes Prevention Trial—Type 1. Diabetic emergencies - ketoacidosis, hyperglycaemic hyperosmolar state and hypoglycaemia.
Prevalence of and trends in diabetes among adults in the United States, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National diabetes statistics report: estimates of diabetes and its burden in the United States, [Internet].
Accessed 22 September Effect of early intensive multifactorial therapy on 5-year cardiovascular outcomes in individuals with type 2 diabetes detected by screening ADDITION-Europe : a cluster-randomised trial. Age at initiation and frequency of screening to detect type 2 diabetes: a cost-effectiveness analysis. BMI cut points to identify at-risk Asian Americans for type 2 diabetes screening. WHO Expert Consultation. Appropriate body-mass index for Asian populations and its implications for policy and intervention strategies.
New-onset treatment-dependent diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidemia associated with atypical antipsychotic use in older adults without schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. The efficacy and cost of alternative strategies for systematic screening for type 2 diabetes in the U.
Identification of unrecognized diabetes and pre-diabetes in a dental setting. Diabetes screening with hemoglobin A 1c versus fasting plasma glucose in a multiethnic middle-school cohort. Hemoglobin A1c measurement for the diagnosis of type 2 diabetes in children. Using hemoglobin A1c for prediabetes and diabetes diagnosis in adolescents: can adult recommendations be upheld for pediatric use? Cost-effectiveness of screening strategies for identifying pediatric diabetes mellitus and dysglycemia.
Issues with the diagnosis and classification of hyperglycemia in early pregnancy. Abnormal glucose tolerance post-gestational diabetes mellitus as defined by the International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups criteria.
Gestational diabetes and the incidence of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review. Prevention of diabetes in women with a history of gestational diabetes: effects of metformin and lifestyle interventions. The effect of lifestyle intervention and metformin on preventing or delaying diabetes among women with and without gestational diabetes: the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study year follow-up. A multicenter, randomized trial of treatment for mild gestational diabetes.
Effect of treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus on pregnancy outcomes. In utero exposure to maternal hyperglycemia increases childhood cardiometabolic risk in offspring.
NIH consensus development conference: diagnosing gestational diabetes mellitus. Committee on Practice Bulletins—Obstetrics. Screening tests for gestational diabetes: a systematic review for the U.
Preventive Services Task Force. Glycosylated haemoglobin for screening and diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus. Effects of treatment in women with gestational diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analysis.
National Diabetes Data Group. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and other categories of glucose intolerance. Carpenter-Coustan compared with National Diabetes Data Group criteria for diagnosing gestational diabetes. Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus: are the criteria proposed by the International Association of the Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups cost-effective? Introduction of IADPSG criteria for the screening and diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus results in improved pregnancy outcomes at a lower cost in a large cohort of pregnant women: the St.
Carlos Gestational Diabetes Study. International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Group criteria is suitable for gestational diabetes mellitus diagnosis: further evidence from China. Perinatal outcomes associated with the diagnosis of gestational diabetes made by the International Association of the Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups criteria. The impact of adoption of the International Association of Diabetes in Pregnancy Study Group criteria for the screening and diagnosis of gestational diabetes.
De Franco. The effect of early, comprehensive genomic testing on clinical care in neonatal diabetes: an international cohort study. Positivity for islet cell autoantibodies in patients with monogenic diabetes is associated with later diabetes onset and higher HbA1c level.
Cost-effectiveness of MODY genetic testing: translating genomic advances into practical health applications. Population-based assessment of a biomarker-based screening pathway to aid diagnosis of monogenic diabetes in young-onset patients. The diagnosis and management of monogenic diabetes in children and adolescents. Neonatal diabetes: an expanding list of genes allows for improved diagnosis and treatment.
Sensitivity and specificity of different methods for cystic fibrosis-related diabetes screening: is the oral glucose tolerance test still the standard? Cystic fibrosis-related diabetes: current trends in prevalence, incidence, and mortality. Clinical care guidelines for cystic fibrosis-related diabetes: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association and a clinical practice guideline of the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, endorsed by the Pediatric Endocrine Society.
Management of cystic fibrosis-related diabetes in children and adolescents. Proceedings from an international consensus meeting on posttransplantation diabetes mellitus: recommendations and future directions. Novel views on new-onset diabetes after transplantation: development, prevention and treatment.
The association between glycemic control and clinical outcomes after kidney transplantation. Early peri-operative hyperglycaemia and renal allograft rejection in patients without diabetes. Let your Georgia car accident attorney get the report. What is the statute of limitations on auto accidents in Georgia? Georgia has a two year statute of limitations generally applicable to all personal injury and wrongful death cases, including these involving a car, truck or motorcycle accident O.
In cases of personal injury, that two year statute of limitations begins to run on the date of the crash. How long do I have to sue someone in Georgia? You don't have an unlimited amount of time to file a lawsuit.
You'll have to bring it within the statute of limitations period for your particular case. For example, you'll have two years for injury cases, four years for property damage matters, and two and four years for oral and written contracts, respectively. Can you file a police report after an accident in Georgia? If an accident is anything more than a bump that seems to have resulted in no injuries or damage, you need to call the police and report it.
How long after an accident can you file a police report in Georgia? How long does an insurance company have to settle a claim in Georgia? Insurance companies in Georgia have 40 days to settle a claim after it is filed. Georgia insurance companies also have specific timeframes in which they must acknowledge the claim and then decide whether or not to accept it, before paying out the final settlement.
How long after an accident can you sue in Georgia? In Georgia, the statute of limitations for civil cases such as car accidents, wrongful death and other personal injury claims is typically 2 years from the date of the injury or death. You must file a claim with the court by the statute of limitations date or your case is forever void. Can you file a police report days after an accident in Georgia?
The statute actually says you have to report the accident immediately, and while it doesn't give the exact amount of days you have, you shouldn't wait any longer than a day to do so. Sr13 form fulton county. Make use of a electronic solution to develop, edit and sign documents in PDF or Word format on the web.
Transform them into templates for numerous use, incorporate fillable fields to collect recipients? Work from any Sr 13 form savannah ga. Make use of a digital solution to create, edit and sign documents in PDF or Word format online. Turn them into templates for numerous use, insert fillable fields to gather recipients? Get the job done from How long do you have to report a car accident in georgia. Benefit from a electronic solution to create, edit and sign contracts in PDF or Word format online.
Transform them into templates for numerous use, insert fillable fields to gather recipients? Take advantage of a electronic solution to generate, edit and sign documents in PDF or Word format online. Do the job from any If you believe that this page should be taken down, please follow our DMCA take down process here. You may need additional information to meet the legal requirements for starting or operating your business. Unlock the key to NYC. Fire Department City. An individual who inspects, tests, and maintains standpipe systems in buildings or structures in New York City is required to hold an S or S Certificate of Fitness.
S Certificate of Fitness is authorized to inspect, tests and maintains all standpipe systems except multi-zone standpipe systems. Any building with multi-zone standpipe systems must be continuously under the personal supervision of a person holding an S Certificate of Fitness. This S Certificate of Fitness is valid only for the specific person to whom it is issued and can be used anywhere within New York City.
0コメント